Monday, 4 April 2011

Update on forward-backward asymmetry

Even though the LHC is flooding us with new results, Tevatron's forward-backward asymmetry of the top-quark pair production remains the most intriguing collider result as of today. The effect hints at an exciting new physics at or below the TeV scale which may soon be uncovered by the LHC, or maybe by further analyses at the Tevatron.

To visualize what kind of departure from the standard model we need to explain the Tevatron data, see the plot borrowed from this paper The plot shows a model independent fit to the Tevatron top results. The axes are the forward and backward production cross sections of top pairs with the high invariant mass, m_ttbar > 450 GeV. One can see that the cross sections has to be modified by some 10-20 percent, and that the best fit point corresponds to the backward cross section being smaller than the standard model one. This is possible if new physics contribution to the top pair production interferes destructively with that of QCD.

To modify the cross section one can introduce one or more particles beyond the standard model that mess up into the top production. The successful models have to satisfy 2 basic requirements:
• the new particle should not be too heavy and should couple strongly enough to both the 1st generation quarks and to the top quarks. Otherwise the effect would not show up on top of the QCD top pair production.
• the new particle should couple chirally, that is to say, with a different strength to left- and right-handed quarks. Otherwise it would not generate a forward-backward asymmetry.
Models with these properties have always been around, but their number has been going through an inflationary phase during these last 3 months. One can robustly divide them into 3 classes:
1. s-channel mediators,
2. t-channel mediators,
3. new particles decaying to tops
In the text below I dropped some links to a few interesting recent examples.

In the s-channel models the asymmetry is due to a resonance which can be produced in a q-qbar collision and decays to a pair of top quarks. An example of such a resonance is a Kaluza-Klein excitation of the gluon in Randall-Sundrum-type models, or more generally an axigluon in models where the standard model SU(3) color group is extended. This class is somewhat disfavored by experiment. Since the differential top production cross section measured at the Tevatron agrees very well with the standard model, the resonance has to be either very heavy or very wide. Furthermore, since the resonance has to couple strongly to the 1st generation quarks, it is constrained by the negative results from the LHC resonance and contact interaction searches in the dijet final state.

In the t-channel models the asymmetry is generated by an exchange of an off-shell particle that has a cubic vertex with one 1st generation and one top quark. There are many possibilities for the mediator: it could be a gauge boson or a scalar; electrically charged or neutral; a color triplet, sextet, sexist, octet, and so on. Some of these models survive all experimental constraints, although there is always some tension with the measured differential top production cross section. Another problem with this class is philosophical: the new particle has to have a large flavor violating coupling to the 1st and the 3rd generation, whereas similar couplings to the 1st and 2nd or to the 2nd and 3rd generations appear to be severely constrained by experiment. If any of these models corresponds to reality then some unexpected flavor structure is being revealed.

As for the last class mentioned above, I'm aware of only one model of that kind where a new color triplet scalar decays to a top quark plus a light invisible fermion. Sounds much like stop → top + neutralino, although the required couplings do not fit SUSY. As the new particle production cannot of course interfere with the QCD top production, this possibility is somewhat disfavored by the top cross section measurements. On the other hand, such a new particle can be very well disguised, especially when its mass is close to the top mass, and is currently poorly constrained by new physics searches.

So which model is true? If we're lucky the answer may already be in the 2010 LHC data; however very few top analyses has gone public so far. Otherwise we'll have to wait till the summer conferences. If the LHC continues at this pace we may have 1 inverse femtobarn to play with by that time.

Kea said...

Sigh. When are you people going to learn that the right answer might not be best phrased in the old language of a local quantum field theory. A color triplet? Great, I like the sound of that? But does it appear with the zombie susy? Me doubts it.

Luboš Motl said...

Good writeup, Jester - see my echoes at TRF. I wonder how many people read your text so "genuinely" so that they noticed the unusual extra multiplet. ;-)

Ulla said...

the asymmetry is not due to a resonance but rather due to an exchange of an off-shell particle that has a cubic vertex with one 1st generation and one top quark.

This is dark matter physics :)

Ulla.

Jester said...

Yep, the post is a bit more technical than usual, but the subject deserves it...

ThePeSla said...

Lubos, I see you too are thinking about the asymmetry and the hidden changes of sign and handedness (todays post on MEG for example).

I do not see how either of you will win the bet on the LHC finding supersymmetry, squarks or what, when perfectly good alternatives to the standard theory based on topology does discuss particles in a similiar manner and considers possibly stringy multidimensions. Such superspaces may not be supersymmetry in the sense some of you are now exploring.

But thanks for the info and interest. I think we do indeed have to go beyond the usual ideas like just phase spaces or the "old language of various quantum theories- not to say these are wrong."

The PeSla

Anonymous said...

arXiv:0911.3237 seems to be older than either of the papers you linked to for sextets and triplets, and examines both of them.

Jester said...

Citation complaints on blog, where is the world heading to :-].
I linked to newer papers on purpose because they fit to the 3.4 sigma signal in CDF and they discuss constraints from the LHC.

Anonymous said...

Good summary, Jester.

As usual, though, one utterly relevant question is: should we accept the $\sigma_{\rm SM}$ in the plot as the actual SM prediction? Or, in other words: would some refinement in the computation of QCD contributions move $\sigma_{\rm SM}$ around by a couple of standard deviations?

Informed optimists wrt BSM physics will always doubt that MC generators are to be trusted out of the box when strong interaction effects are all over the place...

chris said...

i see it as one of these typical "end of life" observations. now that we know the that the TeV is going out of business without a chance of a first claim on seeing the Higgs one could have bet on them seeing some sort of signal in some channel that is tough for the LHC.

didn't you call these sort of particles "fundons"?

Jester said...

Chris, I don't think they are making it up ;-)
Anon, in principle the theory errors are taken into account in the sigma contours. Whether they are estimated correctly we won't know for sure until some brave chap computes the asymmetry at NNLO.